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Surface wave detection by animals
Surface wave detection by animals is the process by which animals, such as surface-feeding fish are able to sense and localize prey and other objects on the surface of a body of water by analyzing features of the ripples generated by objects' movement at the surface. Features analyzed include waveform properties such as frequency, change in frequency, and amplitude, and the curvature of the wavefront. A number of different species are proficient in surface wave detection, including some aquatic insects and toads, though most research is done on the topminnow/surface killfish ''Aplocheilus lineatus.'' The fish and other animals with this ability spend large amounts of time near the water surface, some just to feed and others their entire lives.
==Description of behavior==
Certain species of fish spend a substantial portion of their lives near the surface of the water in order to feed, usually on insects that are struggling at the surface. Species that detect surface waves typically use them to localize such prey. When the hunting posture is assumed (which may be neutral posture) as specific mechanosensitive organ is held in contact with the surface of the water in order that mechanoreceptors can receive surface waves. The animal will wait a small amount of time (typically <1s) before initiating a response towards the prey, should the surface waves perceived fall within the preferred stimulus range. Response towards prey typically follows the pattern orientation towards prey, swimming towards prey, and then prey capture. This ability is sometimes referred to as a sense of “distant touch.”〔Schwarz, J.S., Reichenbach, T., and Hudspeth, A. J. (2011) "A hydrodynamic sensory antenna used by killifish for nocturnal hunting". ''The Journal of Experimental Biology'' 214:1857-1866〕
Several species have been shown to use surface wave detection for prey capture. Among these are many species of freshwater fish, notably the grouops hatchetfish (Gasteropelecidae), freshwater butterflyfish (Pantodontidae), halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae) and killifish (Aplocheilidae)(list from 〔). For its consistently stellar performance at the task, the topminnow/killfish (both terms are used in the literature) is one of the primary models for investigation. These species tend to live in small bodies of freshwater, as well as creeks and swamps.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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